There are three main types of lasers used in laser cutters; CO2 lasers, fiber lasers, and neodymium lasers. Although the laser cutters are all built very similarly, they are distinct in that each type of laser has a specific power range, thus each can be used to cut through different material types and thicknesses.
CO2 Lasers: The laser is generated from electrically stimulated gas mixtures (mostly comprising of carbon dioxide). CO2 lasers are the most common types of laser cutters because they are low power, relatively inexpensive, efficient, and can both cut through and raster a wide variety of materials.
Materials: wood, paper based products (cardboard, etc), leather, acrylic**, glass, some plastics, and some foams (can raster on anodized metals)
**Note: When cutting acrylic or plastic, the resulting fumes/smell is overwhelming, and therefore not ideal for the classroom.
Neodymium Lasers: The laser is formed from neodymium doped crystals. These lasers have a much smaller wavelength than CO2 lasers, meaning they have a much higher intensity, and can thus cut through much thicker, stronger materials. However, because they are so high power, parts of the machine wear and tend to need replacing.
Materials: metals, plastics, and some ceramics
Fiber Lasers: These lasers are made from a "seed laser", and then amplified via special glass fibers. The lasers have an intensity and wavelength similar to that of the neodymium lasers, but because of the way they are built, they require less maintenance. These are mostly used for laser marking processes.
Materials: metals and plastics
The laser cutter in the classroom is a CO2 type.